Bloc

Our products

Where are Paysan Breton products manufactured?

We have seven production sites in the regions of Brittany and Loire Atlantique in Western France, more precisely in Landerneau (Finistère), Ploudaniel (Finistère), Créhen (Côtes-d'Armor), Yffiniac (Côtes-d'Armor), Lanfains (Côtes-d'Armor), Pont Scorff (Morbihan) and Ancenis (Loire-Atlantique).

Are Paysan Breton products pasteurised?

All Paysan Breton products are made with pasteurised milk, with the exception of Paysan Breton Label Rouge Brie which contains thermised milk. 

Pasteurisation is a process in which milk is heated to kill undesirable micro-organisms naturally present in raw milk and thus to extend its usable life. At our facilities, we apply our expertise at each link in the manufacturing chain: selection of ingredients, choice of ferments, skimming, pasteurisation and so forth. Thanks to all our experience in these areas, constant quality of Paysan Breton products is assured.

How can I eat Paysan Breton products?

You can enjoy Paysan Breton products in lots of different ways: our Crepes and Buttermilk are delicious just as they are; our Butter, Whipped Soft Cheese, Cheese Board Cheeses and even Caramel are the perfect accompaniment to bread, or you can add other sweet or savoury ingredients to suit your own tastes.  Paysan Breton products also make ideal ingredients to cook your favourite dishes by yourself. 

Where does the milk used to manufacture Paysan Breton products come from?

The milk used to manufacture products in the Paysan Breton range is high-quality milk collected from the 7,000 dairy farmer members of our cooperative. Their farms are located in Brittany and Pays de la Loire, within a 70 km (44 mile) radius of the sites where our products are manufactured.  

Paysan Breton dairy farmers belong to the Paysan Breton cooperative and have a say in all important decisions. 

What do the figures in the oval-shaped label on products mean?

The oval printed on our products is called a health mark. This mark guarantees the traceability of our products. In fact, it provides an indication of the location of the production site and is composed of several pieces of information: 

How can I cook Paysan Breton products?

Paysan Breton products can be used in all kinds of recipe. Of course, our Butter and our Emmental are obvious choices, but all of our products can be used to make all sorts of delicious dishes. 

Madame Loïk Whipped Soft Cheese brings extra flavour to sandwiches, soups, tarts, verrines and appetizers (mix with single cream when you bake your appetizers to prevent them from drying out). 

Which Paysan Breton products contain animal rennet?

Most Paysan Breton products do not contain animal rennet. It is an ingredient in just one product: Paysan Breton Label Rouge Brie.

Do Paysan Breton Butters contain any additives?

Paysan Breton products do not contain any artificial colourings and flavours or preservatives. Our Butter is manufactured to traditional recipes and meets the demands of today's consumers in terms of flavour, spreadability, practicality, food safety and other criteria.

Paysan Breton Butter is made from high-quality cow's milk manufactured following industry best practice, from the farm to the production facility to the store. Our milk is sourced from our 7,000 dairy farmer members whose farms are located within 70 km of our production facilities. 

Where is Paysan Breton butter manufactured?

All products in the Paysan Breton range are manufactured in Western France. We have two production facilities for butter: one in Landerneau (Finistère) and the other in Ancenis (Loire-Atlantique). Constantly upgraded, our production facilities are where we process the milk used to make our simple and delicious products, all free from artificial colourings and flavourings and free from preservatives, based on original recipes.

What are the ingredients in Paysan Breton Butter?

The main ingredient of butter is, of course, milk. We obtain high-quality cow's milk by adhering to industry best practices in place at the farm and onwards. This milk is sourced from the farms of our 7,000 dairy farmer members located in the regions of Brittany and Pays de Loire. 

At our facilities, our butter is made using processes that apply our expertise each step of the way, including the selection of ingredients and choice of ferments. It is this know-how that guarantees the constant quality of Paysan Breton products.

Can any ingredients contained in Paysan Breton Butters trigger allergies?

The main ingredient of Paysan Breton Butters is cow's milk. Anyone who is allergic to this type of milk should, of course, not consume these products.

Products by Paysan Breton are intentionally simple. We make sure our products contain as few ingredients as possible and that the ingredients we do use are of the highest quality. The milk used to manufacture Paysan Breton products is high-quality cow's milk. Paysan Breton products are free from artificial colourings and flavourings and free from preservatives.

What are the ideal conditions for storing Paysan Breton Butter?

The  Paysan Breton Butter is better kept in the refrigerator (max. 8°C) away from light to avoid it spoiling. Also, our Butter should be kept away from highly odorous products (e.g. garlic, onions, fish, melon) as products containing fat can absorb odours.

How long after the expiration date can I consume Paysan Breton Butter?

Paysan Breton Butters are printed with a best before date on the packaging indicated by the words "Best before:"

After this date, the taste properties of our Butter cannot be guaranteed. However, the product will not be harmful to your health provided it has been stored in the recommended conditions and within a reasonable period of time.

How is Paysan Breton butter manufactured?

Paysan Breton Butter is made from high-quality cow's milk, sourced from our 7,000 dairy farmer members whose facilities are located in the regions of Brittany and Pays de la Loire. 

The cream from the milk is combined with  lactic ferments to guarantee the typical great taste of our Butter. Inspired by traditional methods, the manufacturing process we use produces butter with a delicious creamy taste. Depending on the type of butter, we then add salt, always the right amount, not too much, not too little.

What are the nutritional values of Paysan Breton Butter?

Unsalted Butter:

Per 100g: Energy: 3058kJ or 744kcal, Fat: 82g of which saturates: 60g, Carbohydrates: 0.6g of which sugars: 0.6g, Protein: 0.8g, Salt: 0.05g

Slightly Salted Butter:

Per 100g: Energy: 2984 KJ or 726 kcal, Fat: 80 g of which saturates: 57 g, Carbohydrates: 0.6g of which sugars: 0.6g, Protein: 0.8g, Salt: 2 g

Butter with Sea Salt from Guérande :

Per 100 g: Energy: 2984kJ or 726kcal, Fat: 80 g of which saturates: 57g, Carbohydrates: 0.6g of which sugars: 0.6g, Protein: 0.8g, Salt: 2g

How long will Paysan Breton Butter keep once opened?

Once opened, the useful life of butter will depend on the number of times and how long your butter is removed from the fridge. To ensure it keeps its taste qualities for as long as possible, we recommend that you limit the time the butter is exposed to light and store it at a temperature of between 4°C and 8°C. 

We produce our Butter in a range of weights (10g, 125g, 250g, 500g) and formats (Moulded, Tubs, Single Portions) to tailor our products to your consumption habits. 

Can I freeze my Paysan Breton Butter?

Yes, Paysan Breton Butter can be frozen. We recommend you to freeze it soon after purchase and to defrost it slowly in your refrigerator. Also, use it quickly after it has defrosted to keep the best of its taste and flavour. And also remember that, as with any food product, defrosted butter must never be frozen again. 

How are Madame Loïk Whipped Soft Cheeses manufactured?

Our Paysan Breton Madame Loïk Whipped Soft Cheeses are made from high-quality cow's milk sourced from our 7,000 dairy farmer members. The cheese is then processed to obtain a full and whipped consistency that creates a delicious fresh sensation in the mouth. To produce the different varieties of Madame Loïk, carefully selected ingredients are added to our Whipped Soft Cheeses are then packaged in totally recyclable cardboard pots.

What are the ingredients in Madame Loïk Whipped Soft Cheeses?

Madame Loïk Whipped Soft Cheeses and all other Paysan Breton products are free from artificial colourings and flavourings and free from preservatives. The main ingredient in all Madame Loïk products is high-quality milk produced following best practices in place at the farms. Depending on the variety, other ingredients are added to the recipe (mixed herbs, shallots, chives, walnuts, etc.).

Can any ingredients contained in Madame Loïk Whipped Soft Cheeses trigger allergies?

The main ingredient in Paysan Breton Madame Loïk Whipped Soft Cheeses is cow's milk. Anyone who is allergic to this type of milk should, of course, not consume these products. 

How soon after opening should I consume Madame Loïk Whipped Soft Cheeses?

Sold in resealable pots, Madame Loïk Whipped Soft Cheeses from Paysan Breton can be consumed up to one week after being opened, provided they are stored in the refrigerator between 2°C and 6°C and the lid is firmly in place on the pot.

How can I cook with Madame Loïk Whipped Soft Cheeses?

Our Madame Loïk Whipped Soft Cheeses can be used in a variety of ways, in hot as well as cold dishes: 

- For hot and cold appetisers or starters: appetizers, toasts, pastries, in a soup …                             

- Hot dishes: as a gratin topping (Madame Loïk Whipped Soft Cheese is then softened with milk or thick Crème Fraîche), in pastas or in an omelette

- In hot sauces to accompany meat or fish

- In sweet desserts, to make a cheesecake for example

Where are Madame Loïk Whipped Soft Cheeses manufactured?

Paysan Breton Madame Loïk Whipped Soft Cheeses are manufactured in Brittany at our cheese production facility in Créhen (Côtes d'Armor). Our recipes are made using milk sourced from the farms of our dairy farmers located within a 70 km radius of our production facilities. 

Do Madame Loïk Whipped Soft Cheeses contain any additives?

Madame Loïk Whipped Soft Cheeses and all other Paysan Breton products are free from artificial colourings and flavourings and free from preservatives. Paysan Breton products are simple products made using a limited number of ingredients. They follow traditional Breton recipes passed down from generation to generation and meet the demands of today's consumers in terms of flavour, texture, food safety, practicality and other criteria.

What are the nutritional values of Paysan Breton Madame Loïk Whipped Soft Cheeses?

Plain:

Per 100g: Energy: 1039kJ or 252kcal, Fat: 24g of which saturates: 17.3 g, Carbohydrates: 3g of which sugars: 3g, Protein: 5.9g, Salt: 1.1g

Shallots and Chives:

Per 100g: Energy: 1004kJ or 243kcal, Fat: 23g of which saturates: 16.7g, Carbohydrates: 3.5g of which sugars: 3.5 g, Protein: 5.5g, Salt: 1.1g

Garlic and Mixed Herbs:

Per 100g:  Energy: 1011kJ or 245kcal, Fat: 23g of which saturates: 16g, Carbohydrates: 3.6g of which sugars: 3 g, Protein: 5.8g, Salt: 1.2g

How can I consume Madame Loïk Whipped Soft Cheese?

Madame Loïk Whipped Soft Cheese is ideal spread on bread, with or after a meal, just like you would enjoy other types of cheeses. You can also use it as a filling in sandwiches or as an ingredient in cold and hot dishes: appetizers, toast, tarts, quiches, bagels… 

For other recipe ideas using Madame Loïk Whipped Soft Cheese, check the "Our recipes" section on our website. 

Can I consume Madame Loïk Whipped Soft Cheeses after the expiration date?

Paysan Breton Madame Loïk Whipped Soft Cheeses are printed with a best before date on the packaging, indicated by the words "Best before:" followed by a date. 

After the date indicated, the taste properties of the product (freshness, flavour, aromatic intensity of ingredients, softness, etc.) cannot be guaranteed. However, if consumed within a reasonable period of time, the product will not pose any danger to your health.

Where are Paysan Breton Crepes manufactured?

All products in the Paysan Breton range are manufactured in Brittany and Pays de Loire. Crêpes are specifically manufactured at our factory in Ploudaniel (Brittany).

What are the nutritional values of Paysan Breton Crepes?

L'Authentique:

Per 100g: Energy: 1506kJ or 357kcal, Fat: 9.4 g of which saturates: 5.3 g, Carbohydrates: 59 g of which sugars: 29 g, Fibre: 1.5g, Protein: 8.4g, Salt: 2.1g

With Butter and Brown Cane Sugar:

Per 100g: Energy: 1697kJ or 404kcal, Fat: 15 g of which saturates: 8.4g, Carbohydrates: 59g of which sugars: 35g, Fibre: 1.6g, Protein: 7.4g, Salt: 1.9g

Vanilla flavoured " La Vanillée":

What are the ideal conditions for storing Paysan Breton Crepes?

For our crepes to stay soft and keep their appealing texture, we recommend that you store them at room temperature in a dry place. Also, it is essential that the packaging is properly sealed after use. 

How long can Paysan Breton Crepes be kept after opening?

Once the packaging has been opened, the taste properties of the product will slowly deteriorate: the crepes will gradually lose their soft texture.

Made with the finest ingredients, we want you to enjoy all the qualities of Paysan Breton Crepes. Accordingly, we recommend that you consume them within a few days of opening the packaging and that you seal the packaging each time it is opened, storing it at room temperature in a dry, dark place.

How can I consume Paysan Breton Crepes?

Paysan Breton Crepes can be enjoyed in a variety of ways:

How can I heat up Paysan Breton Filled Crepes?

In a frying pan, the microwave or the oven (with a knob of butter to prevent them from drying out), Paysan Breton Filled Crepes can also be heated. 

In the "Our recipes" section, we have posted a number of recipes made with Paysan Breton Filled Crepes.  Visit this section of the website should you need any culinary inspiration!

Can any ingredients contained in Paysan Breton Crepes trigger allergies?

Our Paysan Breton Crepes contain, amongst other ingredients, the following allergens: milk, gluten,eggs.
This product is not suitable for people who are allergic to milk and milk-based products, cereals containing gluten and eggs and egg-based ingredients.

If you are unsure, allergenic ingredients are always listed on our packaging. You can also check the product information sheets for Crepes and Filled Crepes in the "Our products" section on our website www.paysanbreton.fr

 

What are the nutritional values of Paysan Breton Filled Crepes?

Filled Crepes with chocolate and pieces of milk chocolate:

Per 100g: Energy: 1841kJ or 439kcal, Fat: 19g of which saturates: 10g, Carbohydrates: 58g of which sugars: 44g, Fibre: 3.9g, Protein: 7.1g, Salt: 1.17g

Filled Crepes with Plougastel Strawberry Jam:

Per 100g: Energy: 1451kJ or 343kcal, Fat: 5.6g of which saturates: 3.7g, Carbohydrates: 67g of which sugars: 45g, Fibre: 2.1g, Protein: 5.2g, Salt: 1.12g

Filled Crepes with Salted Butter Caramel: 

How long after the expiration date can I consume Paysan Breton Crepes?

Paysan Breton Crepes are printed with a best before date, indicated on the packaging with the following words: "Best before:" followed by a date.

After this date, the taste properties of the product may be compromised. However, the product will not be harmful to your health provided it has been stored in the recommended conditions and is consumed within a reasonable period of time. Paysan Breton Crepes will lose their soft, moist texture. 

Can I freeze Paysan Breton Crepes?

Provided you have not yet opened the packaging, Paysan Breton Crepes can be frozen for up to 12 months. Paysan Breton Crepes will keep all their flavour.

How can I heat up Paysan Breton Crepes?

Our crepes can be enjoyed both hot and cold. All varieties of our Paysan Breton Crepes (Vanilla flavoured, Plain, with Butter and Brown Cane Sugar, Salted Butter Caramel) can be heated.

To heat them:

  • In the microwave: remove the crepe from the plastic packaging and heat it for 5 to 10 seconds at maximum power.
  • In the toaster: for 10 to 15 seconds at its lowest setting.
  • In a frying pan: 1 minute on each side at a very low heat with a knob of butter.

Where is Paysan Breton Thick Crème Fraîche manufactured?

All products in the Paysan Breton range are manufactured in Western France. Paysan Breton Crème Fraîche is manufactured at our facility in Yffiniac (Côtes d'Armor).

The high-quality cow's milk used to produce our Crème Fraîche is sourced from the farms run by our 7,000 dairy farmer members located in the regions of Brittany and Pays de Loire. For our Thick Crème Fraîche, milk is sourced more precisely from our members' farms located within a 70 km radius of our production site. Our farmers share our cooperative values: solidarity and sustainability.

What are the nutritional values of Paysan Breton Thick Crème Fraîche?

Per 100g: Energy: 1198kJ or 291kcal, Fat: 30g of which saturates: 21g, Carbohydrates: 2.9g of which sugars: 2.9g, Protein: 2.3g, Salt: 0.07g

How long will Paysan Breton Thick Crème Fraîche keep once opened?

Paysan Breton Thick Crème Fraîche keeps for 5 days after opening. It must be stored in your refrigerator between 2°C and 6°C. 

What ingredients are used to make Thick Crème Fraîche?

Paysan Breton Thick Crème Fraîche only contains high-quality cow's milk and select lactic ferments. 

Can any ingredients contained in Paysan Breton Crème Fraîche trigger allergies?

The main ingredient of our Crème Fraîche is cow's milk. Paysan Breton Thick Crème Fraîche is therefore not suitable for anyone who is allergic to this kind of milk.

What is Buttermilk?

Buttermilk is a Breton culinary speciality. It is a fermented milk made from cow's milk and selected lactic ferments (similar process to how yoghurt is made). Buttermilk can be drank as is or served with crêpes. You can add fruit syrup or fruit or use it as an ingredient when cooking. Paysan Breton Buttermilk's creamy consistency and sweet taste brings you all the benefits of fermented milk products. 

How is Paysan Breton Buttermilk manufactured?

Our Buttermilk is made directly from pasteurised fresh milk with the addition of lactic ferments. It is produced following the exact same principle as yoghurt, which is also fermented milk but made with different types of ferments. These convert lactose into lactic acid which makes our Buttermilk easier to digest than traditional milk. Under the influence of this acidity, the milk obtains its consistency to become more creamy. 

Can any ingredients contained in Buttermilk trigger allergies?

Buttermilk is, of course, not suitable for anyone who is allergic to milk-based products. However, it is a simple product containing only milk and lactic ferments.

How long will Paysan Breton Buttermilk keep once opened?

Our Buttermilk must be stored in the refrigerator between 0°C and 6°C maximum and be closed after each use. To take full advantage of its creamy consistency and sweetness, shake it well before use. Stored properly, you should consume it soon (3-4 days) after opening. 

To match our products to your consumption habits, we sell Paysan Breton Buttermilk in two bottle sizes: 50cl and 1l.

Can I boil Paysan Breton Buttermilk?

You should avoid boiling Paysan Breton Buttermilk. To use it when cooking, it is best to simmer Buttermilk before adding to your recipe. 

For ideas of recipes using Buttermilk, visit the "Our recipes section" on our website. 

What are the nutritional values of Paysan Breton Buttermilk?

Per 100g: Energy: 256kJ or 61kcal, Fat: 3.4g, Carbohydrates: 4.3g, Proteins: 3.2g

Where is Paysan Breton Buttermilk manufactured?

All products in the Paysan Breton range are manufactured in Western France. More precisely Paysan Breton Buttermilk is manufactured at our factory in Lanfains (Côtes d’Armor).

What are the benefits of Buttermilk?

Buttermilk, a Breton speciality, is a protein-rich fermented milk. The lactic ferments found in the Buttermilk convert the lactose into lactic acid making it easier to digest.

How long after the expiration date can I consume Paysan Breton Buttermilk?

Our Buttermilk comes with a use by date, indicated on the packaging with the words "Use by:" followed by a date. It is extremely important you do not consume Buttermilk after this date when its taste and safety properties may be compromised and you close the bottle after each use. 

How can I consume Buttermilk?

Served cold, Buttermilk makes a refreshing beverage, drank plain or with fruit syrup. You can also use it to make a delicious milkshake. 

While Buttermilk should never be boiled, it can be incorporated into crepe or waffle batters as well as cake and pastry mixes or added to soups or potatoes at the end of cooking, for example.

It can also be used in savoury recipes such as sauces and cold soups.

For more recipe ideas, visit the "Our recipes" page on our website www.paysanbreton.fr

Where are your Cheese Board Cheese manufactured?

Our Cheese Board Cheeses are produced at various production facilities, all located in Brittany and Pays-de-la-Loire. Paysan Breton Emmental is manufactured at our cheese dairy in Ploudaniel (Finistère), Label Rouge Brie and La Baguette Cheese are both produced in Ancenis (Loire-Atlantique). The Kergall Camembert is made in Pont-Scorff (Morbihan).   

Do Paysan Breton Cheese Board Cheeses contain any allergens?

The main ingredient of Paysan Breton Cheese Board Cheeses is cow's milk (Camembert Le Kergall, L’Emmental, Le Brie Label Rouge et le fromage La Baguette). 
They are therefore not suitable for anyone who is allergic to this type of milk.

How should I store Paysan Breton Cheese Board Cheeses?

Emmental: Store between 4°C and 8°C. To enjoy Paysan Breton Emmental at its best, we recommend you consume within 5 days from opening. To match our products to your consumption habits, Paysan Breton sells Emmental in a variety of sizes and formats: 220g or 350g block and 70g, 150g, 200g or 350g packets of grated cheese.

Label Rouge Brie: Store at between 2°C and 8°C

Le Kergall Camembert: Store at between 2°C and 6°C

La Baguette: Store at between 2°C and 8°C

What ingredients are used to make our Cheese Board Cheeses?

Paysan Breton Emmental contains pasteurised cow's milk, select lactic ferments and just the right dose of salt. 

Label Rouge Brie contains cow's milk, lactic ferments from milk, and salt.

La Baguette Cheese contains pasteurised cow's milk, salt and select lactic ferments. It also contains annatto, a plant-based food colouring. 

Le Kergall Camembert contains pasteurised cow's milk, salt (1.6%) and select lactic ferments.

What are the nutritional values of Paysan Breton Cheese Board Cheeses?

Emmental (block)

Per 100g: Energy: 1566kJ or 377kcal, Fat: 29g of which saturates: 19.5g, Carbohydrates: 2g of which sugars: 2g, Protein: 27g, Salt: 0.7g

Emmental (grated)

Per 100g: Energy: 1566 KJ or 377 kcal, Fat: 29 g of which saturates: 19.5 g, Carbohydrates: 2 g of which sugars: 2 g, Protein: 27 g, Salt: 0.9 g

Label Rouge Brie:

How should I consume Paysan Breton Cheese Board Cheeses?

Like other cheese board cheeses, Paysan Breton Cheeses can be eaten as they are straight from the packet, with or without bread, butter and green salad. 

They can also be used in a variety of ways in your cooking. For example, Paysan Breton Emmental can be used to make gratin toppings, either over potatoes or in soups. 

Paysan Breton offers hundreds of recipe ideas in the "Our recipes" section on our website.  Visit this section of the website should you need any culinary inspiration! 

Where are Paysan Breton Salted Butter Caramels manufactured?

Paysan Breton Salted Butter Caramel with Sea Salt from Guérande is manufactured in Yffiniac, in Côtes d’Armor, in partnership with a caramel producer. They are made to a traditional Breton recipe with Paysan Breton Crème Fraîche and Moulded Butter with Sea Salt from Guérande. The ingredients are hand mixed and slowly cooked in the oven. Lastly the caramel is packaged when still warm to keep its full creamy texture. 

What ingredients are used to make Paysan Breton Salted Butter Caramels?

Paysan Breton Salted Butter Caramel is made with Paysan Breton Crème Fraîche and Butter with Sea Salt from Guérande.. It also contains sugar, water, Sea Salt from Guérande and glucose syrup. 

Paysan Breton Caramel with Apples also contains concentrated apple purée, glucose-fructose syrup and an antioxidant (ascorbic acid).

Caramel with Hazelnuts contains real hazelnuts and may contain traces of cereal containing gluten. 

Do Paysan Breton Salted Butter Caramels contain allergens?

Paysan Breton Caramels contain Thick Crème Fraîche and Paysan Breton Moulded Butter, both ingredients made from cow's milk. They are therefore not suitable for anyone who is allergic to this type of milk. 

Paysan Breton Caramel with Hazelnuts contains, as its name indicates, hazelnuts. Anyone allergic to nuts must not consume this product. 

Our Caramels can also contain traces of gluten, so anyone allergic to gluten should avoid eating this range of products. 

What are the nutritional values of Paysan Breton Salted Butter Caramels?

Jar of Salted Butter Caramel:

Per 100g: Energy: 1447kJ or 345kcal, Fat: 14 g of which saturates: 9.6 g, Carbohydrates: 53.6 g of which sugars: 52g, Protein: 0.8 g salt 1.1g

Jar of Salted Butter Caramel with Apples:

Per 100g: Energy: 1333kJ or 317kcal, Fat: 12g of which saturates: 8 g, Carbohydrates: 51g of which sugars: 49g, Fibre: 0,4g, Proteins: 0.77 g salt 0.9g

Jar of Salted Butter Caramel with Hazelnuts:

How should I store Paysan Breton Salted Butter Caramels?

Paysan Breton Caramels should be stored at room temperature in a cool, dry place. Our Caramels are printed with a best before date, indicated on the packaging by the following words: "Best before:" followed by a date.

After this date, the taste properties of the product may be compromised. However, the product will not be harmful to your health provided it has been stored in the recommended conditions and is consumed within a reasonable period of time. 

How should I consume Paysan Breton Salted Butter Caramels?

Paysan Breton Salted Butter Caramels can be enjoyed in a variety of ways: